ABSTRACT
Concerns about vaccine safety are an important reason for vaccine hesitancy, however, limited information is available on whether common adverse reactions following vaccination affect the immune response. Data from three clinical trials of recombinant vaccines were used in this post hoc analysis to assess the correlation between inflammation-related solicited adverse reactions (ISARs, including local pain, redness, swelling or induration and systematic fever) and immune responses after vaccination. In the phase III trial of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine (Cecolin®), the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) for IgG anti-HPV-16 and -18 (P<0.001) were significantly higher in participants with any ISAR following vaccination than in those without an ISAR. Local pain, induration, swelling and systemic fever were significantly correlated with higher GMCs for IgG anti-HPV-16 and/or anti-HPV-18, respectively. Furthermore, the analyses of the immunogenicity bridging study of Cecolin® and the phase III trial of a hepatitis E vaccine yielded similar results. Based on these results, we built a scoring model to quantify the inflammation reactions and found that the high score of ISAR indicates the strong vaccine-induced antibody level. In conclusion, this study suggests inflammation-related adverse reactions following vaccination potentially indicate a stronger immune response.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis E/immunology , Human papillomavirus 16/immunology , Human papillomavirus 18/immunology , Papillomavirus Infections/immunology , Papillomavirus Vaccines/immunology , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Female , Hepatitis E/prevention & control , Hepatitis E/virology , Human papillomavirus 16/genetics , Human papillomavirus 18/genetics , Humans , Immunity , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Male , Middle Aged , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Papillomavirus Vaccines/adverse effects , Papillomavirus Vaccines/genetics , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage , Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects , Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/administration & dosage , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/adverse effects , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/genetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
In order to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality in Nanjing, the air pollutants observed from January 25 to February 10, in 2020（COVID-19 lockdown period） in Nanjing and its surrounding cities was analyzed. During the lockdown period with poor atmospheric diffusion conditions, the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO decreased obviously, with the value of 36, 44, 5, 22μg/m3 and 1.1 mg/m3, whereasO3 increased by 4%. The net effectiveness of the emission reduction measures was calculated through comparisons of concentrations of air pollutants between and before COVID in the similar meteorological conditions. Concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO decreased by 41.7%, 45.3%, 14.3%, 43.5% and 18.2%, respectively, whereasO3 increased by 4.8%. Compared to capital cities of the Yangtze River Delta in the same period, the largest decline of SO2 and the medium decline of the other pollutions were appeared in Nanjing. The diurnal variation concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 changed from double peak to single peak, due to the disappearance of nighttime sub-peak of particle. The concentration ofO3 increased significantly at night, which was resulted from that sharp reduction of traffic sources weaken the titration reaction of NO toO3. The peak ofO3 during the daytime depended on the variation of the ratio of VOCs to NOx due to the emission control.